During and after treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), you will have many tests. These tests check your blood and bone marrow for leukemia cells. They are used to see how well treatment is working. They can also be used to look for signs that the leukemia might have come back.
Terms you may hear
Your ALL might be described with one of these terms:
In remission (or complete remission)
This means:
- There is no sign of leukemia after treatment.
- Your blood counts are normal.
- You have less than 5% immature cells (blasts) in your bone marrow.
Sometimes the term complete molecular remission or complete molecular response is used. This means that leukemia cells cannot be found in the bone marrow even with very sensitive lab tests.
Being in remission doesn't mean you're cured. Remission may be permanent, meaning the cancer is cured. But there's no way to know for sure how long a remission may last.
Minimal residual disease
Minimal residual disease (MRD) testing is done routinely as part of ALL treatment. It's often done after induction therapy (the first part of treatment), when it can help predict how well treatment may work.
If you are MRD positive, the ALL appears to be in remission. But very sensitive lab tests are still able to find leukemia cells in your bone marrow. These cells could become active and start to multiply. So the ALL is more likely to come back (relapse). You may benefit from more treatment to try to kill the remaining cells. Or a different treatment may be advised.
MRD negative is a good thing. It means no cancer cells can be found in your bone marrow. People with negative MRD results tend to have longer remissions, which can mean they live longer.
Refractory ALL
The leukemia has not gone away and is not responding to the current treatment. Your doctor will talk with you about other treatment choices. These may include more intense doses of chemo or other kinds of chemo.
Relapsed (recurrent) ALL
The leukemia went into remission after the first treatment (induction therapy), but it has come back (relapsed or recurred). Your blood counts may be abnormal again or blasts have reappeared in your bone marrow. Your doctor will discuss treatment choices to get your ALL back into remission.
Working with your doctor
Treating cancer is a process. You and your doctor will work together to find the treatments that work best for you.
Featured in
Date Last Reviewed: 09/01/2025
© 2026 The StayWell Company, LLC. All rights reserved. This information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. Always follow your healthcare provider's instructions.
Related Articles
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Targeted Therapy
When CLL needs to be treated, targeted therapy is often part of the first treatment used. Read on to learn about what it is, how it's done, and possible side effects.
Hodgkin Lymphoma: Newly Diagnosed
It's normal to feel afraid when you are told you have cancer. Your healthcare team is there to answer any questions and to help guide you in making treatment decisions.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): Treatment Questions
Talking with doctors about cancer can be overwhelming. It can be hard to take in all of the information. It helps to be prepared. Make a list of questions that you have and bring them to your appointments.
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL): Treatment Questions
Talking with doctors about cancer can be overwhelming. It can be hard to take in all of the information. It helps to be prepared.
